Abstract
Homeric Psychology has been much discusseci since Snell and Dodds their influential interpretations. Their views, and those of their critics, correction. We need greater awareness of the fìctional nature of Homers of the relation of language to thought as revealed in recent research in li and of the differences between the Riad, and the Odyssey in the portraya ing and decision-making. I have addressed ali these aspects of the topic an new assessment of the problems involved.
1.
More than three decades ago, Bennett Simon1 and I wrote 'Homeric Psychology and the Oral Epic Tradition', an Italian version of which appeared in this journal.2 Our purpose was to examine certain aspects of Homers model of mind; that is, the way he depicts his characters' thinking at criticai moments and the "psychic Intervention" that often seems to in terfere with their capacity for autonomous action. Much influenced by the seminai studies of Bruno Snell and E. R. Dodds, we attempted to explain the phenomena emphasized by these two scholars by arguing that they were ideally suited to the live performance of traditional orai epic and in some way owed their origin, and continued use, to such conditions of per formance.
Since the appearance of that essay, what we may call the Snell-Dodds view of Homeric psychology has been frequently criticized. While Simon and I did not accept ali that Snell and Dodds said, we found much of it illuminating. The area where we most disagreed - rejecting the idea {..}
strongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activitystrongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activity strongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activstrongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activstrongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activity.
2.
Snell and Dodds expounded their influential ideas in books that are stili re
quired reading for anyone interested in Homer's portrayal of the human
mind and human behavior.1 Writing in the mid-twentieth Century and
drawing on earlier scholars' work, they considered it significant that Homer
had an extensive vocabulary for individuai componente of the self or psy
che, and for specific parts of the human body, but never employed the more
encompassing, abstract terms "self" or "body". They also emphasized how
often Homeric characters' decisions were influenced by external forces, typ
ically gods or divinely sent portents. There seemed an obvious connection
between a weakly integrated self and a tendency for this self to be subject
to external manipulation. Hermann Fränkel, writing in the same intellectu
al tradition, sums this up succinctly saying "das Ich ist nich abgekapselt, son
dern ein offenes Kraftfeld".2 This presentation of the person as not as fully
integrated, in either his psychic or physical seif, as he would be in later Greek
and Western thought, was part of an "evolutionary" or "progressivist" vi
sion. Snell, Fränkel, and others represented a tradition in scholarship that
1 Β. Snell, Die Entdeckung des Geistes, Hamburg 19553, ch. 1 'Die Austrongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activity.
2.
Snell and Dodds expounded their influential ideas in books that are stili re
quired reading for anyone interested in Homer's portrayal of the human
mind and human behavior.1 Writing in the mid-twentieth Century and
drawing on earlier scholars' work, they considered it significant that Homer
had an extensive vocabulary for individuai componente of the self or psy
che, and for specific parts of the human body, but never employed the more
encompassing, abstract terms "self" or "body". They also emphasized how
often Homeric characters' decisions were influenced by external forces, typ
ically gods or divinely sent portents. There seemed an obvious connection
between a weakly integrated self and a tendency for this self to be subject
to external manipulation. Hermann Fränkel, writing in the same intellectu
al tradition, sums this up succinctly saying "das Ich ist nich abgekapselt, son
dern ein offenes Kraftfeld".2 This presentation of the person as not as fully
integrated, in either his psychic or physical seif, as he would be in later Greek
and Western thought, was part of an "evolutionary" or "progressivist" vi
sion. Snell, Fränkel, and others represented a tradition in scholarship that
1 Β. Snell, Die Entdeckung des Geistes, Hamburg 19553, ch. 1 'Die Au strongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds, that the absence of a word nec
essarily means the absence of the concept - is one where subsequent critics
have made their strongest counter-argument. Moreover, neither we nor
most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric characters are inca
pable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not share Dodds's
estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek culture.
None the less, I believe that the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over
state their case, and, more important, failing to understand the full com
plexity of the problems involved they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fun
damentally misguided; but the phenomena of langüage to which he called
attention are unusual and need further explanation. The explanation that I
and my co-author proposed can now be combined with important new lin
guistic research on the relation of language to thought and its effect upon
world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to revisit this com
plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for understand
ing Homer's portrayal of mental activity.
2.
Snell and Dodds expounded their influential ideas in books that are stili re
quired reading for anyone interested in Homer's portrayal of the human
mind and human behavior.1 Writing in the mid-twentieth Century and
drawing on earlier scholars' work, they considered it significant that Homer
had an extensive vocabulary for individuai componente of the self or psy
che, and for specific parts of the human body, but never employed the more
encompassing, abstract terms "self" or "body". They also emphasized how
often Homeric characters' decisions were influenced by external forces, typ
ically gods or divinely sent portents. There seemed an obvious connection
between a weakly integrated self and a tendency for this self to be subject
to external manipulation. Hermann Fränkel, writing in the same intellectu
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Benjamin, J. 2024. “The Homeric Psychology of
Parmenidean Meditation” (diss. The Ohio State Univ.)
This dissertation interprets
the journey of the youth (kouros) in Parmenides’ proem as an idealized
mythological representation of a meditative practice by analyzing its
deployment of Homeric psychological terminology. The first chapter puts forth
an interpretation of Homeric psychology in light of what we now call the
autonomic nervous system and suggests that thumos corresponds roughly to the
“fight or flight” response of the sympathetic arm and psuchē to the “rest and
digest” response of the parasympathetic arm. At death, I argue, characters pass
from the “hot” end of that spectrum to the “cold” end as the psuchē exits the
body. The second chapter uses this Homeric psychological scheme to argue that
the journey of the kouros in Parmenides’ proem depicts in mythological terms a
process of heating and immortalizing the mind by increasing the thumos. This in
turn allows him to meet and understand the unnamed goddess that greets him
beyond the gates of Night and Day. I argue that this journey involves an ascent
(anabasis) of the thumos towards the light of the sun rather than exclusively a
descent to the underworld (katabasis), a common interpretation in recent years.
The third chapter builds on the psychological and mythological interpretations
developed in the first two chapters and examines one aspect of a meditative
practice behind the proem. I argue that the kouros would heat and immortalize
his mind by “inhaling” (ἄμπνυτο) more “wind” (πνοιή) to increase his thumos as
an initial purification to prepare for the ascent. This proposal finds support
in later Greek representations of meditative breathing practices that involve
inhaling hot pneuma in the Chaldean Oracles and the “Mithras Liturgy” as well
as comparison with similar ideas about “heat-generating ascetic practices”
(tapas) in some Indian sources. I conclude that archaic Greek sages may have
used inhalation-emphasized breathing practices to stimulate the sympathetic arm
of the autonomic nervous system as part of their meditative practices.
Committee: Thomas Hawkins (Advisor); Sarah Iles
Johnston (Committee Co-Chair); Benjamin Folit-Weinberg (Committee Member); Hugh
Urban (Committee Member)
Η παρούσα διατριβή ερμηνεύει το
ταξίδι του νεαρού (κούρου) στο προοίμιο του Παρμενίδη ως μια εξιδανικευμένη
μυθολογική αναπαράσταση μιας διαλογιστικής πρακτικής, αναλύοντας τον τρόπο με
τον οποίο αξιοποιείται η ομηρική ψυχολογική ορολογία. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο
προτείνει μια ερμηνεία της ομηρικής ψυχολογίας υπό το πρίσμα αυτού που σήμερα
ονομάζουμε αυτόνομο νευρικό σύστημα, υποστηρίζοντας ότι ο «θυμός» αντιστοιχεί,
κατά προσέγγιση, στην απόκριση «μάχης ή φυγής» (fight or flight) του συμπαθητικού σκέλους, ενώ η
«ψυχή» στην απόκριση «ανάπαυσης και πέψης» (rest and digest) του παρασυμπαθητικού σκέλους.
Υποστηρίζω ότι, κατά τον θάνατο, τα πρόσωπα μεταβαίνουν από το «θερμό» άκρο
αυτού του φάσματος στο «ψυχρό» άκρο, καθώς η ψυχή εξέρχεται από το σώμα. Το
δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αξιοποιεί αυτό το ομηρικό ψυχολογικό σχήμα για να υποστηρίξει
ότι το ταξίδι του κούρου στο προοίμιο του Παρμενίδη απεικονίζει, με
μυθολογικούς όρους, μια διαδικασία θέρμανσης και αθανατοποίησης του νου μέσω
της ενίσχυσης του θυμού. Αυτό, με τη σειρά του, του επιτρέπει να συναντήσει και
να κατανοήσει την ανώνυμη θεά που τον υποδέχεται πέρα από τις πύλες της Νύχτας
και της Ημέρας. Υποστηρίζω ότι το ταξίδι αυτό συνιστά μια άνοδο (ἀνάβασιν) του
θυμού προς το φως του ήλιου, και όχι αποκλειστικά μια κάθοδο στον κάτω κόσμο
(κατάβασιν) — μια ερμηνεία που συναντάται συχνά τα τελευταία χρόνια. Το τρίτο
κεφάλαιο βασίζεται στις ψυχολογικές και μυθολογικές ερμηνείες που αναπτύχθηκαν
στα δύο πρώτα κεφάλαια και εξετάζει μια πτυχή της διαλογιστικής πρακτικής που
υπολανθάνει στο προοίμιο. Προτείνω ότι ο κούρος θέρμαινε και αθανατοποιούσε τον
νου του «εισπνέοντας» (ἄμπνυτο) περισσότερη «πνοή», ώστε να ενισχύσει τον θυμό
του ως μια αρχική κάθαρση, προετοιμαζόμενος για την άνοδο. Η υπόθεση αυτή
ενισχύεται από μεταγενέστερες ελληνικές αναπαραστάσεις διαλογιστικών πρακτικών
αναπνοής —όπως αυτές που περιλαμβάνουν την εισπνοή θερμού «πνεύματος» στα
*Χαλδαϊκά Λόγια* και στη *Λειτουργία του Μίθρα*— καθώς και από τη σύγκριση με
αντίστοιχες αντιλήψεις περί «ασκητικών πρακτικών παραγωγής θερμότητας» (*tapas*) σε ινδικές πηγές. Καταλήγω στο
συμπέρασμα ότι οι σοφοί της αρχαϊκής Ελλάδας ενδέχεται να χρησιμοποιούσαν
τεχνικές αναπνοής που έδιναν έμφαση στην εισπνοή, με σκοπό την ενεργοποίηση του
συμπαθητικού σκέλους του αυτόνομου νευρικού συστήματος στο πλαίσιο των
διαλογιστικών τους πρακτικών.
Επισκόπηση
AI
Το
φιλοσοφικό ποίημα του Παρμενίδη (περ. 515–470 π.Χ.) είναι γραμμένο σε δακτυλικό
εξάμετρο (επικό μέτρο) και τιτλοφορείται συχνά ως «Περί Φύσεως». [1, 2]
Δομή
και Περιεχόμενο
Το
ποίημα χωρίζεται σε τρία βασικά μέρη:
• Το Προοίμιο: Ο ποιητής περιγράφει ένα
αλληγορικό ταξίδι με άρμα που σέρνουν άλογα και συνοδεύουν οι κόρες του Ήλιου.
Φτάνει στις πύλες της Ημέρας και της Νύχτας, όπου μια θεά τον υποδέχεται και
αναλαμβάνει να τον μυήσει στην αλήθεια. [1, 2, 3, 4]
• Η Αλήθεια (Αλήθεια): Το κύριο μέρος.
Η θεά του αποκαλύπτει τον δρόμο της λογικής και της γνώσης. Διατυπώνει τη
θεμελιώδη οντολογική αρχή ότι «το ον είναι και το μη ον δεν είναι» (το είναι
είναι αγέννητο, αιώνιο, αμετάβλητο, μοναδικό και ολοστρόγγυλο). [1, 2, 3]
Η
Δόξα (Δόξα): Το τελευταίο και πιο αινιγματικό μέρος, όπου παρουσιάζεται μια
κοσμολογία βασισμένη σε δύο αντίθετες αρχές, το Φως και τη Νύχτα (ή το Θερμό
και το Ψυχρό), εξηγώντας τα φαινόμενα του κόσμου των αισθήσεων.
Σημαντικές
Πηγές και Μεταφράσεις
• Μπορείτε να διαβάσετε ή να κατεβάσετε
το έργο σε ψηφιακή μορφή μέσω της Ανοικτής Βιβλιοθήκης (σε μετάφραση Τάκη
Κουφόπουλου).
• Δείγματα και αναλύσεις από τα
αποσπάσματα προσφέρονται σε πλατφόρμες όπως το Neoplanodion (σε μετάφραση Βασίλη Κάλφα) {https://neoplanodion.gr/2024/12/19/parmenides-fragmenta/} και η Ψηφιακή Ψηφίδα / Greek-Language.gr. [1, 2, 3] {https://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/ancient_greek/anthology/literature/browse.html?text_id=126}
https://pdfcoffee.com/--17137-pdf-free.html
ΠΑΡΜΕΝΙΔΗΣ - ΠΕΡΙ ΦΥΣΕΩΣ
https://pergamos.lib.uoa.gr/uoa/dl/object/3391900/file.pdf
ΠΛΙΑΓΚΟΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ. 2023. "Κοσμολογικές, οντολογικές και γνωσιολογικές
εκφάνσεις στο Περὶ Φύσιος του Παρμενίδη" (διπλ. εργ. ΕΚΠΑ)
https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/archai/article/view/17422
Galgano, N. S. 2016. “Parmenides
as psychologist Part one: fragments DK 1 and 2,” Revista Archai, (19),
167–206. https://doi.org/10.14195/1984-249X_19_6
Abstract
The aim of this essay is to examine an aspect of
Parmenides’ poem which is often overlooked: the psychological grounds
Parmenides uses to construct his view. While it is widely recognized by
scholars that following Parmenides’ view requires addressing mental activity,
i.e. both the possibility of thinking the truth, as well as thinking along the
wrong path that mortals follow, a closer examination of the psychological
assumptions involved have, to my knowledge, not yet been attempted.
I argue that by identifying and analyzing the
psychological vocabulary in his poem, it is revealed that Parmenides was a keen
observer of human mental behavior. Through these psychological (perhaps
"cognitivist," following some recent categories) observations of
thought processes, Parmenides gains insight into the structure of thought
itself. The outcome of this inquiry reveals three notable conclusions: First,
the poem contains a remarkably extensive use of strictly psychological
vocabulary. Second, the presence of this psychological material and the lack of
scholarly attention to it means there is a significant aspect of Parmenides
intellectual legacy that remains unexplored""Parmenides as
psychologist, keen observer of human mental behavior. Furthermore, the
recognition of this material helps shed important light on Parmenides’ philosophical
message.
Ultimately, I intend to provide an exhaustive
treatment of Parmenides’ psychological language, which requires close
examination of DK B 1, 2, 6, and 7. Due to spatial constraints, I have divided
the inquiry into two parts, and will only address DK 1-2 below.
Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να εξετάσει μια πτυχή του ποιήματος του
Παρμενίδη που συχνά παραβλέπεται: τα ψυχολογικά θεμέλια στα οποία στηρίζεται ο
Παρμενίδης για να διαμορφώσει την αντίληψή του. Αν και είναι ευρέως αποδεκτό
μεταξύ των μελετητών ότι η προσέγγιση της θέσης του Παρμενίδη προϋποθέτει την
εξέταση της νοητικής δραστηριότητας —δηλαδή, τόσο της δυνατότητας σύλληψης της
αλήθειας όσο και της πορείας κατά μήκος της εσφαλμένης οδού που ακολουθούν οι
θνητοί—, μια εις βάθος διερεύνηση των ψυχολογικών παραδοχών που ενέχονται σε
αυτή τη διαδικασία δεν έχει, εξ όσων γνωρίζω, επιχειρηθεί μέχρι σήμερα.
Υποστηρίζω ότι, μέσω του εντοπισμού και της ανάλυσης του ψυχολογικού
λεξιλογίου στο ποίημά του, αναδεικνύεται πως ο Παρμενίδης υπήρξε οξυδερκής
παρατηρητής της ανθρώπινης νοητικής συμπεριφοράς. Μέσα από αυτές τις
ψυχολογικές (ή, σύμφωνα με ορισμένες σύγχρονες κατηγοριοποιήσεις, «γνωσιακές»)
παρατηρήσεις επί των νοητικών διεργασιών, ο Παρμενίδης αποκτά βαθύτερη
κατανόηση της δομής της ίδιας της σκέψης. Η έρευνα αυτή οδηγεί σε τρία
αξιοσημείωτα συμπεράσματα: Πρώτον, το ποίημα χαρακτηρίζεται από μια εξαιρετικά
εκτεταμένη χρήση καθαρά ψυχολογικού λεξιλογίου. Δεύτερον, η παρουσία αυτού του
ψυχολογικού υλικού —σε συνδυασμό με το γεγονός ότι δεν έχει τύχει της δέουσας
προσοχής από την επιστημονική κοινότητα— υποδηλώνει ότι υπάρχει μια σημαντική
πτυχή της πνευματικής κληρονομιάς του Παρμενίδη που παραμένει ανεξερεύνητη: ο
Παρμενίδης ως ψυχολόγος, ως οξυδερκής παρατηρητής της ανθρώπινης νοητικής
συμπεριφοράς. Επιπλέον, η αναγνώριση αυτού του υλικού συμβάλλει στον φωτισμό
του φιλοσοφικού μηνύματος του Παρμενίδη.
Στόχος μου είναι να παρουσιάσω μια εξαντλητική ανάλυση της ψυχολογικής
ορολογίας του Παρμενίδη, η οποία απαιτεί προσεκτική εξέταση των αποσπασμάτων DK B 1, 2, 6 και 7. Λόγω περιορισμών στον διαθέσιμο χώρο, έχω χωρίσει την
έρευνα σε δύο μέρη και, στο παρόν κείμενο, θα εστιάσω αποκλειστικά στα
αποσπάσματα DK 1 και 2.
Parmenides psychologist – Part One, Επισκόπηση AI
Overview of the Essay
- Author: Nicola Stefano Galgano. [1]
- Title: Parmenides as psychologist – Part one:
fragments DK 1 and 2 (published in the journal Archai, 2017). [1]
- Core
Thesis: The essay examines the
psychological and cognitive assumptions hidden in Parmenides’ poem
(specifically Fragments DK 1 and DK 2), arguing that Parmenides acts as a
keen observer of human mental behavior and thought processes rather than
just a dry metaphysician. [1]
Key Themes in Part One (Fragments DK 1 and DK 2)
- Observation
of Mental Behavior:
Galgano demonstrates that understanding Parmenides' ontology requires
looking at how human minds function, how thought forms, and how
individuals navigate the act of knowing (noein). [1]
- The
Role of the Prologue (DK 1): The
journey of the kouros (youth) guided by the goddesses involves
transition, choice, and internal psychological drive or ambition (thymos).
[1]
- The
Paths of Inquiry (DK 2):
Parmenides lays out distinct routes of investigation, forcing an
evaluation of how the human intellect decides what can be thought (estin)
versus what cannot be thought or spoken (ouk estin). [1, 2]
- Cognitive
Grounding: The study bridges
ancient Greek philosophy and early cognitive/psychological analysis,
showing how the constraints of human perspective shape our engagement with
the concept of Being. [1, 2]
Would you like to explore Part Two (DK 6 and DK 7) of Galgano's essay, or
focus on a specific fragment like DK 1 or DK 2?
https://academic.oup.com/book/60789/chapter/528610740
5 Parmenides and the
Centred View
Lea Cantor
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198909118.003.0005
Pages 73–90
Published: 22 July 2025
Galgano, N. S. 2017. "Parmenides as Psychologist
– Part Two: DK 6 and 7," Revista Archai 20 (mayo-agosto,
2017), pp. 39-77.
https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5861/586177196003.pdf
The aim of this essay is to examine an aspect of
Parmenides’ poem which is o#en overlooked: the psychological grounds Parmenides
uses to construct his view. While it is widely recognized by scholars that
following Parmenides’ view requires addressing mental activity, i.e. both the
possibility of thinking the truth, as well as thinking along the wrong path
that mortals follow, a closer examination of the psychological assumptions
involved have, to my knowledge, not yet been attempted. I argue that by identifying
and analyzing the psychological vocabulary in his poem, it is revealed that
Parmenides was a keen observer of human mental behavior through these
psychological (perhaps “cognitivist,” following some recent categories)
observations
of thought processes, Parmenides gains insight
into the structure of thought itself. The outcome of this inquiry reveals three
notable conclusions: First, the poem contains a remarkably extensive use of
strictly psychological vocabulary. Second, the presence of this psychological
material and the lack of scholarly attention to it means there is a significant
aspect of Parmenides intellectual legacy that remains unexplored — Parmenides
as psychologist, keen observer of human mental behavior. Furthermore, the
recognition of this material helps shed important light on Parmenides’
philosophical message. Ultimately, I intend to provide an exhaustive treatment
of Parmenides’ psychological language, which requires close examination of DK B
1, 2, 6, and 7. Due to spatial constraints, I have divided the inquiry into two
parts, and will only address DK 1-2 below.
Σκοπός αυτής της μελέτης είναι να εξετάσει μια πτυχή του ποιήματος του
Παρμενίδη που συχνά παραβλέπεται: τις ψυχολογικές βάσεις που χρησιμοποιεί ο
Παρμενίδης για να οικοδομήσει την αντίληψή του. Αν και είναι ευρέως
αναγνωρισμένο από τους μελετητές ότι η υιοθέτηση της οπτικής του Παρμενίδη
προϋποθέτει την ενασχόληση με τη νοητική δραστηριότητα —δηλαδή, τόσο με τη
δυνατότητα σύλληψης της αλήθειας όσο και με τη νοητική πορεία κατά μήκος της
λανθασμένης οδού που ακολουθούν οι θνητοί—, μια εις βάθος εξέταση των σχετικών
ψυχολογικών παραδοχών, εξ όσων γνωρίζω, δεν έχει επιχειρηθεί μέχρι σήμερα.
Υποστηρίζω ότι, μέσω του εντοπισμού και της ανάλυσης του ψυχολογικού λεξιλογίου
στο ποίημά του, αποκαλύπτεται πως ο Παρμενίδης υπήρξε οξυδερκής παρατηρητής της
ανθρώπινης νοητικής συμπεριφοράς. Μέσω αυτών των ψυχολογικών (ή, σύμφωνα με
ορισμένες σύγχρονες κατηγοριοποιήσεις, «γνωσιακών») παρατηρήσεων σχετικά με τις
νοητικές διεργασίες, ο Παρμενίδης αποκτά βαθύτερη κατανόηση της δομής της ίδιας
της σκέψης. Η έρευνα αυτή οδηγεί σε τρία αξιοσημείωτα συμπεράσματα: Πρώτον, το
ποίημα περιλαμβάνει μια εξαιρετικά εκτεταμένη χρήση αυστηρά ψυχολογικού
λεξιλογίου. Δεύτερον, η παρουσία αυτού του ψυχολογικού υλικού —σε συνδυασμό με
το γεγονός ότι δεν έχει τύχει της δέουσας προσοχής από την επιστημονική
κοινότητα— υποδεικνύει μια σημαντική πτυχή της πνευματικής κληρονομιάς του
Παρμενίδη που παραμένει ανεξερεύνητη: τον Παρμενίδη ως ψυχολόγο, ως οξυδερκή
παρατηρητή της ανθρώπινης νοητικής συμπεριφοράς. Επιπλέον, η αναγνώριση αυτού
του υλικού συμβάλλει στον φωτισμό του φιλοσοφικού μηνύματος του Παρμενίδη.
Στόχος μου είναι να προσφέρω μια εξαντλητική ανάλυση της ψυχολογικής ορολογίας
του Παρμενίδη, η οποία απαιτεί προσεκτική εξέταση των αποσπασμάτων DK B 1, 2, 6
και 7. Λόγω περιορισμών στον διαθέσιμο χώρο, έχω χωρίσει την έρευνα σε δύο μέρη
και, στο παρόν κείμενο, θα εξετάσω μόνο τα αποσπάσματα DK 1-2.
..
Επισκόπηση AI
Το έργο του Nicola Stefano Galgano με τίτλο «Parmenides as
Psychologist» (2017) εξετάζει τις ψυχολογικές και γνωστικές βάσεις στο
ποίημα του προσωκρατικού φιλοσόφου Παρμενίδη. [1, 2]
Κύρια σημεία της μελέτης
- Ψυχολογικό λεξιλόγιο: Ο
Galgano υποστηρίζει ότι το ποίημα του Παρμενίδη περιέχει μια εκτεταμένη
χρήση αυστηρά ψυχολογικών όρων (όπως η έννοια του θυμού),
αποδεικνύοντας ότι ο Παρμενίδης παρατηρούσε προσεκτικά την ανθρώπινη
νοητική συμπεριφορά. [1, 2]
- Η δομή της σκέψης: Η μελέτη
χωρίζεται σε μέρη που αναλύουν τα αποσπάσματα του Παρμενίδη (DK 1, 2, 6
και 7), εξετάζοντας τόσο τη δυνατότητα σύλληψης της αλήθειας όσο και την
πλάνη της θνητής σκέψης που ακολουθεί τον λάθος δρόμο. [1, 2]
- Γνωστική προσέγγιση: Ο
συγγραφέας προτείνει ότι η αντιμετώπιση του Παρμενίδη ως «ψυχολόγου» ή
«γνωστικού» ερευνητή βοηθάει να κατανοήσουμε πώς κατέληξε στη διερεύνηση
της φύσης του «είναι» και της αδυναμίας σκέψης του «μη είναι». [1, 2]
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/94180/9781501752360.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Christensen, J. P. The Many-Minded Man. The
Odyssey, Psychology, and the Therapy of Epic, Cornell University Press,
Ithaca and London.
Joseph Russo. 2012. "Re-Thinking Homeric Psychology: Snell, Dodds and their Critics," Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica (New Series) 101 (2), pp. 11-28.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347416
Abstract
Homeric Psychology has
been much discussed since Snell and Dodds their influential
interpretations. Their views, and those of their critics, correction. We
need greater awareness of the fìctional nature of Homers of the relation
of language to thought as revealed in recent research in li and of the
differences between the Riad, and the Odyssey in the portraya ing and
decision-making. I have addressed ali these aspects of the topic an new
assessment of the problems involved.
1.
More than three decades
ago, Bennett Simon1 and I wrote 'Homeric Psychology and the Oral Epic
Tradition', an Italian version of which appeared in this journal.2 Our
purpose was to examine certain aspects of Homers model of mind; that is,
the way he depicts his characters' thinking at criticai moments and the
"psychic Intervention" that often seems to in terfere with
their capacity for autonomous action. Much influenced by the seminai
studies of Bruno Snell and E. R. Dodds, we attempted to explain the phenomena
emphasized by these two scholars by arguing that they were ideally
suited to the live performance of traditional orai epic and in some way
owed their origin, and continued use, to such conditions of performance.
Since the appearance of
that essay, what we may call the Snell-Dodds view of Homeric psychology
has been frequently criticized. While Simon and I did not accept ali that
Snell and Dodds said, we found much of it illuminating. The area where we most
disagreed - rejecting the idea {..} strongly espoused by Snell than by Dodds,
that the absence of a word necessarily means the absence of the concept - is
one where subsequent critics have made their strongest counter-argument.
Moreover, neither we nor most readers of Homer agree with Snell that Homeric
characters are incapable of making genuine decisions; and many today do not
share Dodds's estimate of the large distance between Homeric and later Greek
culture. None the less, I believe that
the critics of Snell and Dodds sometimes over state their case, and, more
important, failing to understand the full complexity of the problems involved
they leave cruciai aspects unexplored.
Bruno Snell's contention
that Homeric man lacks a unified self was fundamentally misguided; but the
phenomena of langüage to which he called attention are unusual and need further
explanation. The explanation that I and my co-author proposed can now be combined
with important new lin guistic research on the relation of language to thought
and its effect upon world-view. The purpose of present essay, therefore, is to
revisit this com plex topic and extend the discussion with new suggestions for
understanding Homer's portrayal of mental activity.
Snell and Dodds expounded
their influential ideas in books that are still required reading for anyone
interested in Homer's portrayal of the human mind and human behavior.1 Writing
in the mid-twentieth Century and drawing on earlier scholars' work, they
considered it significant that Homer had an extensive vocabulary for individual
components of the self or psyche, and for specific parts of the human body, but
never employed the more encompassing, abstract terms "self" or
"body". They also emphasized how often Homeric characters' decisions
were influenced by external forces, typically gods or divinely sent portents.
There seemed an obvious connection between a weakly integrated self and a
tendency for this self to be subject to external manipulation. Hermann Fränkel,
writing in the same intellectual tradition, sums this up succinctly saying
"das Ich ist nich abgekapselt, son dern ein offenes Kraftfeld".2
This presentation of the person as not as fully integrated, in either his
psychic or physical seif, as he would be in later Greek and Western thought,
was part of an "evolutionary" or "progressivist" vision.
Snell, Fränkel, and others represented a tradition in scholarship that {..}
--------------------------
https://www.academia.edu/45371810/Thymos_in_Homer_Philological_Oral_poetic_and_Cognitive_Approaches
Cairns, D. 2018. “Θυμός in Homer: Philological, Oral-poetic, and
Cognitive Approaches,” Quaestiones Oralitatis IV, pp. 13-30.
https://www.academia.edu/45371810/Thymos_in_Homer_Philological_Oral_poetic_and_Cognitive_Approaches
Thomas Jahn’s deft
deployment of Parry’s oral-formulaic theory has shown that in a large number of
occurrences, when used adverbially (with a preposition, in the instrumental
dative, or in some other
analogous use of
an oblique case, e.g. ἐν(ὶ) θυμῷ, κατὰ θυμόν, θυμῷ, etc.), the usage of the words denoting the so-called
“psychic organs” can be less a matter of semantic specificity than of metrical
convenience, so that these terms exhibit substantial degrees of overlap and redundancy.
Thus we need to treat the “psychic organs” as a family (of which θυμός is by far the most representative member) rather than
as wholly independent variables. But careful philology can supplement this
picture by demonstrating that even in non-formulaic and more marked contexts
(e.g. when personified as agents or interlocutors) the relevant terms may be
interchangeable in function.
Once that has been
established, approaches drawn from the cognitive sciences can help us pin down
the ways in which the “psychic organs” can, via metonymy and metaphor, capture
aspects of mental functioning in Homer without ever detracting from the agency
of the person as a whole.